在细胞中  ，铜有4 种分布途径：（1）自由基清除途径：Cu/Zn-超氧化物歧化酶将铜送至超氧化物歧化酶 SOD1上  。（2）线粒体途径：细胞色素 C氧化酶17 将铜转移到细胞色素 C 氧化酶（cytochrome Coxidase  ，COX）上以产生 ATP 。（3）分泌途径：铜通过抗氧化蛋白 1（Antioxidant 1  ，Atox1）传送至反式高尔基体网络中的铜转运蛋白质α链（ATP‐dependentcopper transporter 7A  ，ATP7A）和铜转运蛋白质β链（ATP‐dependent copper transporter 7B  ，ATP7B） 。（4）细胞核途径：细胞核通过铜传感器  ，调节 CTR1 表达以适应铜浓度的变化 。

受损细胞内铜的三大规划手段与重点宏观调控措施（天门冬氨酸铜Copper Aspartate、抗坏血酸铜Copper Ascorbate） 。

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抗坏血酸镁Magnesium Ascorbate 、抗坏血酸锌Magnesium Ascorbate、牛磺酸镁Magnesium Taurate、氨基酸螯合锌Zinc Amino Acids Chelate 、氨基酸螯合镁Magnesium Amino Acids Chelate、乳清酸镁Magnesium Orotate、乳清酸钙Calcium Orotate、琥珀酸钙Calcium Succinate、琥珀酸镁 Magnesium Succinate 、抗坏血酸锂 Lithium Ascorbate.

Four major distribution pathways of copper in cells and key regulatory mechanisms (copper aspartate, copper ascorbate).

In cells, copper has four distribution pathways: (1) Free radical scavenging pathway: Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase transfers copper to superoxide dismutase SOD1. (2) Mitochondrial pathway: Cytochrome C oxidase 17 transfers copper to cytochrome C oxidase (COX) to produce ATP. (3) Secretory pathway: Copper is transferred to the copper transport protein α chain (ATP-dependent copper transporter 7A, ATP7A) and copper transport protein β chain (ATP-dependent copper transporter 7B, ATP7B) in the trans-Golgi network through antioxidant protein 1 (Atox1). (4) Nuclear pathway: The nucleus regulates CTR1 expression through copper sensors to adapt to changes in copper concentration.

Four major distribution pathways and key regulatory mechanisms of intracellular copper (Copper Aspartate, Copper Ascorbate).

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Magnesium Ascorbate, Magnesium Ascorbate, Magnesium Taurate, Zinc Amino Acids Chelate, Magnesium Amino Acids Chelate, Magnesium Orotate, Calcium Orotate, Calcium Succinate, Magnesium Succinate, Lithium Ascorbate.